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The Memphis Belle is a Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress used during the Second World War that inspired the making of two motion pictures: a 1944 documentary film, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress and the 1990 Hollywood feature film, Memphis Belle.It was one of the first United States Army Air Forces B-17 heavy bombers to complete 25 combat missions, after which the aircrew returned with . That seems awfully high for a pilot, which is what they say he was. Five other crewmen were bumped to make room for Andrews and his entourage.
The luckiest Lancaster: Bomber that survived 109 WWII missions Top Stories For You. Martin Caidin wrote the definitive book on the plight of the bomber crews in Black Thursday, which chronicled in great detail the 2nd Schweinfurt bombing raid of October 14, 1943, where 60 bombers and their crews were lost. The B-17 Delta Rebel II of the 91st BG, piloted by Capt.George Birdsong,Jr.
Robert Hanson, 85; Last Living Crewman of the Memphis Belle All onboard were killed except the tail gunner when Hot Stuff crashed into mountain in Iceland on May 3, 1943. Since 1943 Word War II aviation history considered the Memphis Belle as the first heavy bomber to reach the 25-mission mark. Brittany Williams Lite Brite Height, An amusing sidelight was that he was highly indignant that every third mission they got liberty and that at 50 missions , they were one short and did NOT get liberty, even though the war in Europe was over. Aero Trader performed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Yes, in 1943 the USAAF in Europe determined that heavy bomber crews would be rotated home after 25 missions over enemy territory after first trying a one-year tour or a tour consisting of a pre-determined number of flight hours. The first heavy bomber to complete 25 combat missions in the European Theater, May 13th, 1942. One of my relatives was in the 330th, Captain Hugh R. Roper, He piloted B-24D Exterminator, 41-23717. Those interested in Hot Stuff and/or are looking to support the erection of the Icelandic monument to the brave men who served on her can connect with the organization HERE or the groups Facebook page. We have nothing but respect for the brave men who have endured all the sufferings just to help us attain freedom. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. My dad was a waste gunner on a B 24 in ww2. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". B-24D Hot Stuff She was originally B-17G-105-VE 44-85718 and is now painted to . Exercises To Dunk A Basketball, Bomber crews needed to complete 25 missions before they were allowed to go home but that number was almost statistically impossible in Europe. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Bomber crews needed to complete 25 missions before they were allowed to go home but that numberwas almoststatistically impossible in Europe. A claim is made that Gene Roddenberry, screen writer for Star Trek, completed 89 missions in the 324th bomb squadron. Their chance of survival was less than 50 percent. How many missions would it take to complete a WWII bomber mission? His ob states he flew 125 combat mission over Europe in his P-47 bomber and received 3 Distinguished Flying Crosses and 24 Silver Stars. Consider for example the Operation Tidal Wave strike by American B-24 bombers against oil reserves in Ploesti Romania in 1943: of 178 bombers and 1,726 men on the mission, 54 aircraft, and nearly 500 men failed to return (310 killed and 186 captured). B-25, also called Mitchell, U.S. medium bomber used during World War II. Bomber Command aircrews suffered a high casualty rate: of a total of 125,000 aircrew, 57,205 were killed (a 46 percent death rate), a further 8,403 were wounded in action and 9,838 became prisoners of war. It is our intention to play a role in safeguarding the heritage of these beautiful machines by providing increased awareness and education through the use of internet based digital media. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How do people travel around the world with no job? Bomber crews needed to complete 25 missions before they were allowed to go home but that number was almost statistically impossible in Europe. Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation CA-18 Mustang A68-104 (VH-BOB) arrived at Avalon Airport in Avalon, Victoria on Friday March, 4th 2023, touching down just before 10am. Retired - 1968. No Built - 18,188. I know he flew at least 32 missions because I have his hand written log where he documented each mission and what he did. (LOL). For many years the author has held a . I am trying to find information on my uncle, Joseph Farese, who was a bombardier/navigator and flight officer in the 5th BG, 72nd BS, 13th AF and was in the Pacific Theater, Philippines, etc. how many ww2 bomber crews completed 25 missions 10.
Double credit missions were more about long/latitude vs how hazardous the target was. THEN TO JAPAN WHERE WE SUPPLIED ALL THE FAR EAST WITH CARGO GOING AS FAR EAST AS BANGKOK THAILAND, IN COUNTRY NAM, PHILLLIPINES, KOREA AND OTHER POINTS THERE IN. It flew about half of its approximately 30 combat missions over Europe, with the remainder being strikes in Africa and patrol missions over the Mediterranean. The current total of surviving B-17 bombers located in the United States stands at 40: Nine (9) B-17 planes are airworthy, such as Texas Raiders, Sentimental Journey and Aluminum Overcast. The Idiotic WWI Aerial Formation The Allies Used In The Second World War, And How It Dealt Them Huge Fighter Losses, Heres The Latest Video Update Of That Bf 109 Restoration Were All Waiting For. IX bomber completed 213 missions but this aircraft was destroyed in a crash at Calgary Airport in Canada, two days after V-E Day, see .
History of US Air Force Bombers B-17, B-24, B-29, B-52, B-1 - Insider Andrews, an experienced, instrument-rated pilot, bumped the normal co-pilot off the plane and flew in his place. He finished flight school at the age of 18 in 1944.
How many missions did B-17 crews fly? - WisdomAnswer How many missions did B-17 crews fly? - Sage-Advices How many crew members were on a B-17 bomber? Apple says hackers may have exploited security flaws on iPhone, iPad, and Macs - BBC News BBC News 143K views 2. After some time of ineffective high altitude bombing, some of the B-17 bombers adopted skip bombing, a technique usually practiced by medium bombers rather than heavy bombers. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". What happened to the bomber crews in World War II? Very broadly, a typical fighter pilot might rack up 250 - 500 combat missions from 1941 to 1945; a bomber pilot, perhaps 50 - 100 if they survived (considering Bomber Command losses were averaging 5% at times, completing one tour, let alone more, was statistically unlikely). This email was sent by Quora (650 Castro Street #450, Mountain View, CA 94041). We were having some drinks and I was listening to some of his war stories when he told me he had flown 137 missions. Now an academic from EmbryRiddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) in Daytona, Florida has revealedthat it was the B-24 named Hot Stuff that was the first bomber to make 25 missions and return home, not the Memphis Belle. He, the copilot and two other crewmembers were bumped from the flight back to the U.S. by Lt. Gen. Andrews, his staff and three chaplains. In 1942, during the first three months of Americas combat flights over Europe the average bomber crew was expected to complete 8-12 missions before being shot down or disabled. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Your chances of completing all 25 missions, at least unscathed, were slim to none. By the summer of 1940 when it appeared the United States would be drawn into World War II, bonds again were being sold as a way to remove money from circulation as well as reduce inflation. The technique of skip bombing scored several sinkings. World War II - Bombers; World War II - Pursuit . Dad flew 37 missions for RAF. Therefore, a total of 75,446 airmen (60 percent of operational airmen) were killed, wounded or taken prisoner.
Upon impact, the aircraft disintegrated except for the tail gunners turret which remained relatively intact and 14 of the 15 aboard died except the tail-gunner who, though injured, survived the crash.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'warbirdsnews_com-box-4','ezslot_1',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-warbirdsnews_com-box-4-0'); Hot Stuff and her crew were soon forgotten. Imagine trying to move around? This one is easy! This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. To put this into sobering perspective - the 8th Air Force in Europe lost more men than the entire US Marine Corps did in World War Two - both horrible thoughts to consider. Norwegian Wood is a song about John Lennon's infidelity, John Lennon wrote that song because he wanted to tell his first wife, Cynthia indirectly that he had affair with ot Why won't my daughter let me see my granddaughter? Over the years he has been studying the history behind bomber aircraft activity during the war. View military histories of over 2 million, If you are a veteran, reconnect with people. He completed his initial training when he was 17, and was called up to active duty before he graduated from high school. Your email address will not be published. According to decades of World War II aviation history, the crew of the Memphis Belle became the first B-17F Flying Fortress crew to complete 25 missions following a strike against Kiel, Germany. Big and slow, the B-17 delivered twice the payload of its predecessor. From Arthur Hayes' collection.
Heavy Bomber "Firsts" - National Museum of the United States Air Now I dont know what to believe! More than 8,000 men were killed in training accidents or other non-operational flying during the Second . The Consolidated B-24 Liberator is one of America's most prolific heavy bombers of WWII and the backbone of allied strategic bombing missions before the introduction of B-17 and B-29 WW2 bombers. Memphis Belle was the first B-17 to complete 25 missions and return to the United States. I only know he was somewhat of a wild man with numerous shrapnel scars. B-17F Hell's Angels, tail number 41-24577 and crew. ARZBtc.com > > > how many ww2 bomber crews completed 25 missions. Doolittle Raid, (April 18, 1942), during World War II, U.S. Army Air Forces bombing raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. After returning to the States in June 1943, the bomber and many of its . After flying 48 combat missions, it returned to the US for a war bond tour, but not until 1944. ten Fortunate me I discovered your site by chance, and Im stunned why this twist of fate Typically, the bombers had to fly right through the multiple volleys of gunfire, but it was the "waist-gunners" who absorbed the majority of the shrapnel, as they were positioned near an open window in the rear of the plane. All Rights Reserved. Although crew members were required to fly a minimum of 25 combat missions before returning to the United States, some were called back to duty for another 25. In order to complete their missions, the 6th Bomb Group had to run a gauntlet of Air Defenses, ranging from fighter to radar-controlled AA guns and rockets. Read the complete story. A 1944 documentary film was produced detailing its exploits, and in 1990, a Hollywood feature film entitled the Memphis Belle perpetuated its glory for decades. Flak-Bait 's crew poses with the bomber after its 200th mission on April 17, 1945. The B-25 first flew on August 19, 1940, and the U.S. Army Air Corps accepted the first five B-25s in February of 1941. Carlo Quintiliani Updated Mon To put this into sobering perspective - the 8th Air Force in Europe lost more men than the entire US Marine Corps did in World War Two - both horrible thoughts to consider.. Read More What is the song 'Norwegian Wood' really about? Thank you. Hells Angels completed its 25th mission on May 13, 1943 and the Memphis Belle on May 19, 1943. He had to get a waiver to receive his diploma in absence.
B-25 | Crew, Wingspan, Versions, & Doolittle Raid | Britannica Memphis Belle is a well-known World War Two bomber, which was made famous by the Hollywood movie of the same name back in 1990. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other.
Memphis Belle (aircraft) - Wikipedia Twenty-four hours later, he was rescued and the bodies recovered. So, the answer is YES, if anyone ever asks you if the might 8th AF ever bombed Japan. Instructing had its dangers, too, as it involved flying with inexperienced recruits in old aircraft. The US War Department would use the bomber and its crew for public relations activities back home, The Daily Courier reports. Hell's Angels B-17 Crew The first heavy bomber to complete 25 combat missions in the European Theater, May 13th, 1942. Waldock says that because Hot Stuff crashed and never made it home it never became as well-known as Memphis Belle. If wounded are included in the count, the total casualty rate goes up to 54.3%. The bomber crews were an elite group of warriors who were a microcosm of America white America, anyway.
B-17 Flying Fortress Heavy Bomber | World War II Database - WW2DB There was an similar earlier raid that included Regensburg that cost the same..
B-17F Memphis Belle crew overcame long odds to complete 25 missions Ive always heard that anyone saying they flew more than 25 missions was a liar.
Being assigned to a bomber crew in WWII was - We Are The Mighty Big and slow, the B-17 delivered twice the payload of its predecessor. On May 13, 1943, the 303rd BG B-17F Hell's Angels became the first heavy bomber to complete 25 combat missions over Europe, four days before the Memphis Belle's crew. Billy Burke Evangelist Wife, How do you identify neurotypical disorders? Damage to the "waist-gunner" area of the bomber accounted 21.6 percent of all the hits the plane took. 4 Which b17 bomber completed the most combat missions? A raid on 14 February is listed as the 34th 8th Bomber Command mission. My fathers Bomb Group on Guam, hosted three crews from the 8th Air Force, 346th Bomb Group. When WW2 ended, a total of 12,700 B-17 bombers were built.
Who Flew The Most Bomber Missions In Ww2? - Tovisorga.com So on July 5, 1945 the 8th AF landed on Guam . Following the loss of Hot Stuff it wasnt a good idea for the Axis to be aware of the demise of the Supreme Commander. Both crews are GODS! My cousin, a radioman and gunner, had 50 missions, flying the last day of the war, in a B-25. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Which colour is the best colour in iPhone? How many B17 crews actually managed to complete 25 What happened to the German Waffen SS soldiers aft My adult daughter disowned me. Heavy Losses Led to the Abandonment of Unescorted Bomber Raids Deep Into the Third Reich. The Night Witches: The Cat-Eyed All-Female Stealth Bombing Squad That Owned The Eastern Front, The WWII Plane That Could Ram The Enemy In A Dogfight, Japan Had A Kamikaze Fighter Jet And They Were Determined To Use It, F-15 Eagle Gets D-Day Thunderbolt Paint Job, Russian Su-27 Intercepts NATO Fighter Jet He Got Too Close, A Single Pilots Victory Over 4 MiG-15s Was Classified For Over 40 Years, Messerschmitt Bf-109 G6 Low & Loud DB605 SOUND, B-1B Lancer Pilot Cockpit Tour and Take Off, 103-year-old veteran on surviving World War IIs, World War II Veteran delivers a promise after 73, WWII Veteran Fires a Howitzer for the first time since 1944, 89-Year-Old WWII Veteran Scores A Touchdown, Rare WW2 Footage Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. What movie plot hole bothers you the most? Yes, they did use the JUG in ground attack, but that does not make it a bomberby any stretch of the imagination. John Comer kept a journal of the 25 missions he flew in 1943 when the casualty rate on his base was close to 80%. by Richard Mallory Allnutt (Chief Editor) Kermit Weeks Douglas A-26B Invader (41-39401) made its first successful post-restoration flight on February 20th, 2023, making a thirty-minute hop from Chino Airport in Chino, California. However, others stayed behind to complete 30 missions to avoid having to return from the states for a second tour of duty. The unit used B-17s, according to what I read. Nearly half of all the bombs dropped in World War II came from B-17 airplanes. Probably because the P47 was a fighter, not a bomber. Lieutenant General Andrews is remembered however, Joint Base Andrews in Maryland is named in his honor. (more) The crews were men from the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries, and occupied Europe, especially Poland, France, Czechoslovakia and Norway, as well as other foreign volunteers. Many ground crewmen felt the Libs belonged to them and were only "loaned" to the air crews. The aircrews of RAF Bomber Command during World War II operated a fleet of bomber aircraft carried strategic bombing operations from September 1939 to May 1945, on behalf of the Allied powers. Or even 16 aircraft, which would be 28 percent of the Air Force's current fleet of 58 B-52Hs. Hanson . 21' - 11.7mils. The pilot, co-pilot, bombardier and navigator, as commissioned officers, were seated at the front of the plane, with the navigator positioned at a desk below the cockpit. por | Jun 3, 2022 | journey to the savage planet moist vestibule | emma chambers face surgery | Jun 3, 2022 | journey to the savage planet moist vestibule | emma chambers face surgery Upon impact, the aircraft disintegrated except for the tail gunners turret, which remained relatively intact. how many ww2 bomber crews completed 25 missions. General Andrews, considered to be the father of the modern USAF, was replaced by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower. The demonstration aircraft was completed on May 8, 1945 at the end of hostilities in the European theater of World War II. That's almost 50 percent more than the 12,741 B-17s . I recently found his combat flight records and most interestingly a certificate stipulating the 33 completed combat missions he flew. The Hot Stuff and her crew were soon forgotten. Memphis Belle is the nickname of a Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress during the Second World War that inspired the making of two motion pictures: a 1944 documentary film, Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress, and a 1990 Hollywood feature film, Memphis Belle. Im have no dog in this hunt. He was in the 389th bomb group, 567th squadron.
How many B17 crews actually managed to complete 25 missions during WW2 Well, its not. He has shared a diary of the 50 missions that will be made public upon his passing.. After flying 48 combat missions, it returned to the US for a war bond tour, but not until 1944. Bombing operations during the Second World War were one of the most hazardous undertakings Americans had to endure throughout the conflict. She and her crew were promptly sent home to the United States to join the War Bond selling tours. Hells Angels was the first B-17/crew to complete 25 missions on May 13, 1943. Based on a true story, the film concerns the famous B-17 bomber Memphis Belle, which delivered 25 successful missions before the plane and its sterling crew retired from the skies. Aircraft commander. FROM TACHIKAWA TO ROBBINS GA. FOR FINAL PROCESSING OUT TO A GREAT RETIREMENT. Just sayin. Bomber crews needed to complete 25 missions before they were allowed to go home but that number was almost statistically impossible in Europe. The attrition was so high that the Army capped a crew's tour to 25 missions. Bomber crews needed to complete 25 missions before they were allowed to go home but that number was almost statistically impossible in Europe. For this famous B-17, surviving 25 missions in World War II was the easy part. Just to add some fog to the issue, the my fathers certificate of mission completions had only 30 places to list missions. Army Air Force planners decided that a tour of duty for bombers was to be 25 missions. Andrews and his entourage hitched a ride on Hot Stuff, and in doing so bumped five crew members from the flight. Who flew the most combat missions in ww2? After all the adversity, damage and close calls, no one was ever seriously injured, and her entire crew made it home. A bomber crew of the 392nd Bomb Group with their B-24 Liberator. Vulcan to the Sky Trust Works to Keep Last Flying Avro Vulcan Aloft, Dornier Do 17 Retrieved From Goodwin Sands Arrives at RAF Museum Cosford. The 314th BW needed replacement crews and the 8th AF crews were to absorb experience, which they could later pass on to their fellow crews.
AFA Statement on Loss of Historic B-17: Painful - Air Force Association After several landing attempts, Hot Stuff crashed into the side of 1,600-foot-tall Mount Fagradalsfjall, near Grindavik, Iceland. According to Warbird News, our government was anxious to report uplifting and inspiring stories of the war that would capture the American publics imagination.
The Memphis Belle flies its 25th bombing mission - HISTORY The Germans really dialed in shooting bombers out of the sky with their sophisticated FLAK systems and method. The Germans really dialed in shooting bombers out of the sky with their sophisticated FLAK systems and method. My Dad flew 25 missions in a B-24 and B-29 with the 8th AF /466th bomb group. I guess flying a P-47 doesnt count, only B-17 & B-24 when it comes when it comes to keeping records. She was the third.
damaged - B-26 "Flak-Bait" : The Only American Aircraft to Survive 200 The man at the back of the trailer is attaching the tail fin, which is secured by a ring collar screwed onto the threads on the bomb itself.
Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 31. Object Number - FRE 5112 - Official insignia of the 306th Bomb Group, approved 6 January 1943, and updated 2 October 1951. 2 What happened to the real crew of the Memphis Belle? Special interest is the year of 1943. The story of Hot Stuff, heading home at last after at least 30 missions completed, ends in tragedy.
WW2: Could you be part of a Lancaster Bomber crew? - BBC Teach - BBC - Home MG Carl "Tooey" Spatz assumed command in May 1942 and established a headquarters at Bushy Park about 15 miles west of London on June 25, 1942. During a Memphis Belle mission, the 91st Bomb Group unknowingly blew up an entire cellar of cognac. . Eyewitnesses and early documents tell a different story: Hot Stuff was the first B-24 crew and the first heavy bomber to complete 25 combat missions on February 7, 1943. The B-25 was designed by North American Aviation, Inc., in response to a prewar requirement and was first flown in 1940. The crews were men from the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth countries, and occupied Europe, especially Poland, France, Czechoslovakia and Norway, as well as other foreign volunteers. Please let us know. After the war the famous Andrews Air Force Base was named in his honor. Grant Rondeau only told us that he wasnt aboard the final flight. Discovering the historical discrepancy in 1999 through a friend and fellow Commemorative Air Force member, USAF Major Robert T. Jake Jacobson, who was one of the bumped crew members that fateful night, Jim Lux began seeking to correct what he sees as an injustice perpetrated by history and is working on not only getting Hot Stuff and her crew their place in the history books, but is also working to have a monument erected near the site of the crash, enlisting the US Ambassador to Iceland, Luis E. Arreaga as a liaison to the Republic of Iceland and has gained the support of a growing number of other Air Force retirees who after seeing the documentation, agree that the crew of Hot Stuff is getting short shrift.
B-17 bomber missions at the end of World War II - Yahoo! News The plane's service ceiling of 25,000 to 35,000 feet (7,500 to 10,500 metres), depending on the bomb load, put it above the worst of the German antiaircraft artillery, but, firepower notwithstanding, formations of B-17s proved unable to fight their way unescorted to targets deep inside Germany in the face of determined fighter opposition without Pilots need to take flash photographs after dropping the bombs otherwise, it might not be included in the required number of missions for a single tour. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Hells Angels was the first B-17 crew to complete 25 combat missions on May 13, 1943. "Hi. How accurate was the movie Memphis Belle? How many Lancaster bombers lost in ww2? Waldock also discovered that Lieutenant General Andrews was a VIP getting a return flight back to the US along with his close aides and staff, who took the place of the bombers original crew. (USAF photo) According to the memoirs of Robert Morgan, the pilot of the Memphis Belle, Wyler had picked a different bomber for the feature film, a B-17 known as "Invasion 2nd.". GOOD PART OF THIS IS THAT THE WING H Q WAS AT HICKAM FIELD HAWAIIALWAYS A PLEASURE THERE FOR THE ANNUAL FLIGHT SIMULATOR AND CURRENT GROUND TRAINING EDUCATION. However, some missions were much more brutal and some squadrons had few survivors of whole tours. The Memphis Belle was not the first B17 to complete 25 missions. The first refueling stop before heading out over the Atlantic was scheduled for Prestwick, Scotland, but the crew decided to fly directly to their second refueling stop at Reykjavik, Iceland. Why the Stein crew posed in front of War Baby instead of Jerk's Natural is a bit of a mystery. Setting aside all the caveats for the moment, the research performed and documentation provided by Jim Lux seems to conclusively show that the 93rd Bombardment Group, 330th Bombardment Squadrons B-24 Liberator Hot Stuff and her crew flew their 25th mission on February 7, 1943 dropping bombs on Naples, Italy, and went on to fly five additional missions thereafter, before Hot Stuff and her crew were recalled to the United States, where they were scheduled to go on a War Bonds Tour, a home front publicity junket, where combat aircraft and crews of significant accomplishment were sometimes pulled from frontline service and flown back to the United States to serve as the stirring personification of the heroism of Americas military, helping move the paper and boosting public morale. With the American entry into World War II, production of the B-24 increased. A great resource for some of the 8th AF B-24 groups is TEDS TRAVELLING CIRCUS available at Amazon and elsewhere. My hero. I live by HAFB museum and visit every Memorial Day. Last month, through his fundraising efforts, Lux returned to Iceland for a 70th anniversary memorial service attended by some of the descendants of the crew of Hot Stuff and a plaque was installed telling the story of Andrews, Hot Stuff and her last, ill-fated flight with a granite monument planned to be installed at a future date. great information you have got right here on this The 25-mission milestone becomes harder to pin down when considering changing crew members due to rotation, death, injury, illness, leave and equipment failures leading to spare planes pressed into service, errant wartime record-keeping, etc. See object record. The swastika marks a German aircraft destroyed, while the parachuter indicates Parker had to jump. Beautiful Swiss German Words, According to decades of World War II aviation history, the crew of the " Memphis Belle " became the first B-17F Flying Fortress crew to complete 25 missions following a strike against Kiel, Germany.